陶渊明:隐逸诗人之宗与田园诗派宗师的现实生存价值探求
关于陶恩明的探索和追求精神之家
【前言】
陶元是中国文学历史上的基准,是魏王朝和金王朝风格的最高杰出代表[1]。他被称赞为“僻静诗人的教派”和“牧师诗学院的大师”。他是古代和现代的伟大圣贤的典范,也是高贵的象征。但是,研究人员通常只讨论他们的个性或诗歌,很容易忽略陶恩明在人生道路上对自己的精神住所的探索。这是一个人花在一生中的生活探索。就像他说的那样:“ a lak in我背后的名字,就像我对我的浮动云一样”(“对pang zhuzhu deng Zhizhong的怨恨诗”),他对现实的生存价值感兴趣,但他不是他的生存价值非常关心我身后的事情。当时,陶元已经被称为高元,被称为“ Xunyang中的三元”之一,但相比之下,陶尤恩明仍然不如他在后代的声誉那么出色。原因是后来的几代人对他的个性有一首诗。精彩的讨论将其提升为学者的一个例子,但不理解这位诗人的持久心脏,他过着悠闲的牧师生活和他在追求的痛苦选择。 Tao Yuanming追求的是一个人的生存价值。无论是管理世界还是培养一个人的尊重,都必须反映一个人对价值的追求。尽管陶元对诗人的野心理想是如此生气,但他终于走上了一条道路,后来学者们非常钦佩他,也使他的生活追求为后来的沮丧的学者建立了精神堡垒。 [2]。
孟子说:“背诵他的诗并读他的书,你不认识这个人吗?因此,这是讨论世界。” (“ Wanzhang”)Tao Yuanming出生于AD的第365年(Xingning的第三年,Jin的AI皇帝),于公元427年(Yuanjia,Yuanjia,Song Dynasty皇帝)去世。他一生中的大部分时间都是在我们的封建历史上伟大的分裂和近战的黑暗时代。在此期间,金和宋朝发生了变化,当地部队为权力和利润而战,人民生活在贫困中。 Tao Yuanming出生于一个贫民窟的家庭。他的曾祖父陶坎(Tao Kan)成为了他的军事优点的大西玛(Sima),并获得了长沙县公爵(Duke of Changsha County)的头衔,但到陶元(Tao Yuanming)这一代时期,他已经拒绝了。在金朝期间,贵族家庭制度变得越来越严格。一个人是否可以成为官员并在社会上为自己取名,主要取决于他的家庭背景。对于陶恩明(Tao Yuanming)的家人已经下降了,很难进入社会上的统治阶级。自从魏(Wei)和金王朝(Jin Dynasies)以来,各种思想激增了,儒家不再统一世界,严酷的政治残酷性使形而上学的谈话变得越来越严肃。越来越多的学者不再关心这个国家和国家,并以自我保护的态度生活,缺乏诚意。佛教的繁荣使更多的人想到远离世界并希望生活在一种宁静中。在这样的社会情况下,陶元没有放弃他的追求。他了解物质生活的重要性,但更多地关注精神培养。陶恩明利用他的诚意来解释生活和追求进步。这种诚意也反映在他的诗中。阅读他的诗可以使您感到一种自由,并从灵魂深处延伸。
1。探索官员和退休中的生活
成为每个学者的梦想是一个梦想,成为具有良好学习成绩的官员的想法一直影响中国知识分子的思想。在君主和部长的社会中,只有能够在职业中取得巨大成功,才能反映出生活的价值。但是在那个混乱的时代,政治的残酷行为使许多人不再关心自己的职业,而宁愿在无所作为的生活中度过一生。正是在这个社会转变的时期,进步和清晰的思想转向了无所作为和简单的谈话,一些知识分子的想法是远离世界,然后更靠近僻静的生活。陶元在这样一个社会中,他受到这样的思想的影响,不可避免地有出生的想法。然而,受儒学深深影响的陶恩明仍然在他的脑海中发挥了不可替代的作用。陶元的生活是矛盾的生活。他一直在成为官员和退休之间徘徊。这是追求过程中的折磨,也是诗人的酷刑。陶恩明(Tao Yuanming)在阴朝的职业生涯是对实现个人价值观和社会价值观的这种不懈的追求。阴朝着重于追求社会价值。阴起源于个人的内心意愿[3]。在此过程中,陶恩明的真诚生活状态得到了反映。在这样一个社会中,诗人一直在利用这种真诚的生活来以自己的内心找到自己的道路。
陶元(Tao Yuanming)在29岁时担任江苏的牺牲神父,享年41岁。十多年来,他一直在官员和退休之间徘徊。这两个想法的交织使诗人不确定:一方面,这是帮助人们建立繁荣的野心的理想。一方面,存在政治腐败和严格的贵族制度的黑暗现实。在痛苦的选择中,美丽的理想和残酷的现实持续碰撞,诗人终于选择退出那些毫无意义的斗争并离开官员。创建自己的世界。在陶恩灵的心脏中,进入官员和退休是在陶恩灵的心中进行的斗争和探索:去官员是实现他最初帮助人民的梦想的方式。这是一种令人振奋的态度,也是实现他的社会理想的唯一途径。在与社会现实发生碰撞之后,重返退休是无助的举动,这也是诗人精神的升华,即最大化个人价值。陶·尤恩明(Tao Yuanming)不断理解自己,不断探索生活价值的过程,他成为官方和退休之间的犹豫和挣扎为世界树立了榜样,这是他一生中不朽的灵魂斗争。
1.1:持续一生的强烈野心
在魏和金王朝的混乱和道教形而上学的普遍性中,道元在他的青年时代就建立了Jingshiweiguo的政治野心。 Tao Yuanming是个年轻人。有智慧,理想,也有某些意见。拥有良好的野心和强烈的责任感,要自尊心和尊重,具有温柔的气质,并以美德爱别人。我喜欢安静,保持冷静,偶尔捐赠。不要说太多,要谨慎,自然要自然,对成名和财富无动于衷。他的性格很高,不直立。向您的父母提出申请,并对您的年轻兄弟姐妹友好。我对世俗习惯不满意,不喜欢与自然界的山脉和山脉联系。非常多地学习钢琴和书法,培养高兴趣,勤奋学习书籍,没有文章[4]。陶恩林(Tao Yuanming)年轻时形成的思想和性格深远影响了诗人的生活。他在“喝酒”中说:“年轻人很少见,最好的是在六个经典中旅行。”这意味着,当他年轻时,他很少结交朋友和旅行,而他的野心是在儒家经典中统治世界的策略,例如“诗歌”和“书”。在这首诗“ rongmu”中,提到:“祖先的最后教义,我该如何落入云层。”它提到了儒家的创始人孔子的教义,并表明他不敢忘记那些教义,并希望有机会有一天实现自己的野心。因此,他开始参军,成为Huan Xuan的官员,然后加入Liu Yuzhen,Liu Jingxuan和Jianwei等。 。并尝试。
Tao Yuanming年轻时已经确立了他的“强烈野心”,并将儒家作为要求自己的核心。他年纪大的时候回想起他的野心和野心,“我想起我年轻而坚强的时候,我很不高兴。他很高兴,他很高兴。他很充实,有一个徘徊的世界,他很远,他很远,想到了远处。 “他年轻的时候,他坚强而坚强,他独自一人走着剑。 (“ Gu的事工”)他自己的努力终于有机会成为官员。在29岁的年龄,他作为一种牺牲的牺牲,牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲牺牲了牺牲牺牲了牺牲牺牲然而,Sac在他的第一个职业生涯中,Tao Yuanming没有太多的任职时间,很快就辞职并返回家园。在稍后写的诗中,陶恩明回忆起:
我很饿,以至于我去学习过去。如果您不筹集自己的财富,那么如果您被冻结和饥饿,您将固执,并且会纠缠自己。那时,我将要处于巅峰状态,我为自己的意志感到羞耻。然后他解释了一切,终于回到了田野。星星流动,天空升起了一个世纪。世界到处都是零散的道路,所以杨Zhu停下来。即使没有花钱,您也可以依靠浑浊的葡萄酒。 (“喝” 19)
这是Tao Yuanming在十多年后对他的第一个正式职业的描述。他谈到了为什么他成为官方的原因:“我过去曾饿了,去了正式职业。”他还谈到了为什么他很快辞职,“是的”,当时的时候,一年的年龄充满了耻辱。不得不去黑暗的官员,迅速回到了他的家乡。
我的家乡很贫穷,开始向该州提供葡萄酒。我无法承担官员的职位,所以几天后我回到了家。该县召集了首席文员,没有提交。
这段经文出现在小汤的“陶元传记”,“南方历史”和“金书”。它给我们一种幻想,陶元由于经济原因而成为官方。当时的陶元很差,他的家人遇到了麻烦,但他不允许诗人面对黑暗的官员,并为了他的生计而接受外部约束。这与自然诗人相反。
我认为Tao Yuanming想因为他的贫穷而踏上一个贫穷的家庭。但是,我们不能忽略这一知识分子受儒学深深影响,积极主动是一种自然的体现。如果您可以采用自己的实际行动来使人们受益并最大程度地利用您的生活价值,那就是对学者的深刻追求。我们可以在Tao Yuanming的诗中看到这些,“当您有室温并挑选果汁和吃足够的饭菜时,这不是真的很难,而您担心的不是饥饿或冷”(“七首贫困学者的诗五”),“你不知道极端不是道路,所以不用担心”(“七首贫困学者的诗·iv”),可以看出,物质生活中的贫穷和财富不是他是否成为官员的决定性因素。担任官员是不寻求舒适的生活。从“康杜的两首诗仍在杰吉斯年的五月中旬仍阻碍风”和“江林的第二首诗在江林的夜晚在江林的夜晚”和其他诗集中的“杂项诗”,我们可以在其他诗集中,我们可以看到他的著作的生活比甜蜜更痛苦,而且极其困难,不仅是“ Xun and Kan的困难”(关于Congdu的两首诗仍在Gengzi年的5月中旬遮挡风”), “没有道路的理由”,“经常有忧郁的想法”(“杂项诗”),由于自然条件的影响,这种生活通常很困难。由于当前情况动荡,它也将变得特别危险。
即便如此,作者有时仍然“不要在怀里睡觉”(“新chou年的7月第二次,回到江林进行夜间旅行”)。仅仅因为月光之夜的美丽而兴奋地上班的路上?不,这是对自己表现出雄心勃勃和前景的一种期望[5]。他经常“写文章来娱乐自己,并表现出野心”(“吴刘先生的传记”),并用诗歌表达了他的雄心勃勃的野心。此外,他认为“提高道德和实践将是及时的”(“阅读历史的九章”),以“丈夫对世界的野心”(“其他诗歌”)。 Tao Yuanming在他的第一个正式职业中追求职业:
我的祖先无处不在,我来自陶唐。 Miao是Yu bin,并且在整个年龄都受到了荣誉。龙在夏天保持警惕,猪在翅膀上保持警惕。 Mumusitu,氏族的氏族繁荣了。在交战的时期,凤凰被隐藏在森林中,僻静的人在山上。漫游的龙围绕着云层,鲸鱼流动恐惧。天江有一个汉朝,我是靠近米尔的侯爵夫人的人。对于Hemin的侯爵来说,运气应该是攀登龙,大步走剑并挥舞着风,展示了这场武术。由山和河流撰写,打开土壤,打开土地,打开土地并打开首都。尤德(Yundi)的小径雅库(Yaku)总理。来源很大,来源很广,源很大。河流携带指南,线条带有痕迹。有很多单词和沉默,运气是繁荣的,我们在中东,我们的行业在长沙。 Huan Huan Changsha,Yixun Yide。皇帝是我对南部国家的奉献精神。优点后,我将回到家,但我不会像我那样受到青睐。谁说可以通过靠近我来获得这种思想?我的祖先是庄严的,他们谨慎谨慎。吉凡2,huihe Qianli。当皇帝仁慈时,他很镇定和空虚,他被送入风和云,非常沮丧和快乐。 las,我并不可怕,我看不到它。我为自己的头发感到羞耻,我站着阴影。三千的罪行是紧迫的。我真诚地记得你,当我听到你时,我哭了。在月历当天,也很好。他的名字叫Ru Yan,他的名字叫Ru Qiusi。我白天和黑夜都温柔而尊重,我在这里想。我仍然想念Kong Ji,以便他可以做到!李·耶(Li Ye)生了一个儿子,立即寻求大火。各种心灵对我来说是独一无二的。由于我看到了自己的生活,所以我真的希望它能够做到这一点。人们也有言语,但没有虚假的爱。太阳生活在月球中,并逐渐从儿童身上逃脱。如果祝福不徒劳,灾难将很容易出现。我很高兴,晚上睡觉,希望您能有才华。这就是你不有才华的一切!
这首诗的前半部分让人想起了他祖先的成就。从古代的陶唐(Tao Tang)到交战国家时期,汉朝和金王朝(Jin Dynasty),陶家族的祖先为后代提供了一个例子,即以自己的力量为国王提供帮助。 ,世界是安全的。随后对他儿子的希望反映了陶·尤恩明(Tao Yuanming)取得成就的愿望,一种受儒家主义影响的封建知识分子以及他对国家的热情。他渴望受到重视,能够协助明智的国王,做点什么并实现社会理想,如果他想帮助人民,他必须成为官员。他的追求是在取得巨大的成就之后能够像他的祖先一样,并“对恩惠感到惊讶”和“要谨慎为开始”,并能够“直接”两个平台,并感谢您的感激。数千英里”(“找到Zi”)。
他的第一个正式经历并没有消除陶恩灵(Tao Yuanming)迈向正式职业的经济途径的理想。但是,在那个混乱的时代,他找不到一个可以很好地展现他才能的平台,诗人仍然渴望实现他的理想。在接下来的十年中,陶·尤恩明(Tao Yuanming)在他的职业生涯中努力工作,并为儒家倡导的保守主义理想而努力。 Tao Yuanming的一再官方行为是他内心积极和乐观的进取精神的体现,他为来自全国各地的明智国王取得巨大成就的美丽愿望,以及他对帮助人民的美丽理想的坚持追求。因此,陶元不仅是一个高贵的隐士,而且他的雄心和犬儒主义也反映在他的诗中,就像卢Xun所说:“陶宗不是“沉默与和平”,所以他很棒” [6]。追求。诗人的职业生涯并不是贪婪的感觉。
退休后,陶元并没有完全忘记这个使他爱与恨的社会。他的隐居被隐藏在他的体内,但他的内心并没有被隐藏,他有意识地将文学作为他的职业生涯,这是转移诗人追求的政治理想的一种方式。 7]。让我们看一下Tao Yuanming在Song Dynasty皇帝第二年写的诗《 Shujiu》:
当我再次离开南部土地时,我听到鸟儿唱歌的声音。尽管秋天的草并非黄色,但在融化了很长一段时间后,它已经分离了。普通的砾石到处都是建造的,南部山没有剩余的云。 Yuzhang抵抗了高门,并依靠Hua和Ling Tomb。我叹了口气,在耳边听着陈的陈。中国提供丰富的谷物和西方精神,为我驯服它们。在梁王朝期间,东军是旅,米尚丧生。 Shanyang返回低层国家,但他仍然没有努力著名。布什恩擅长牧羊人,他不会为国王感到高兴。普金国王离开了旧的首都,收到了峡谷的遗体,双脚趾只是在养育,三个脚趾显示了奇怪的文字。王子喜欢吹吹,太阳在芬河中飞;朱锣练习九颗牙齿,徒劳和死亡。在雄伟的Xiling中,我们总是彼此靠近。天堂的永恒美德,彭尚不仅是道德的。
这首诗是在刘Yu篡夺金王朝并建立歌曲王朝之后写的。尽管在此期间的田园时期,陶元是看不见的,但他并不了解社会。他真诚的心不能真正隔离社会。 Tao Yuanming讨厌篡夺力量,因为Tao Yuanming是一位接受传统儒家教育的学者,并且可以坚持他的不良正直。这首诗也是陶元当时关于政治事务的罕见诗。这首诗充满了怨恨。混乱的政治使诗人变得极为痛苦,篡夺权力使社会再次进入黑暗。对于诗人来说,他追求的理想社会是他追求的理想社会。偶然发现了绝望。这一事件也加深了陶元的内心痛苦,也使他对自己的诗感到愤慨。卢Xun先生说:“这是诗歌,除了宾客欣赏的“悠闲地看到南部山”之外,还有“瓦吉拉的愤怒”风格,例如“ jingwei都拿着一块小木头,并将用它充满大海,Xing Tian的亲属关系和他强烈的野心总是在那里。在陶尤明(Tao Yuanming)的13首诗“读山和海”中,他借鉴了来自山和海洋的神灵和神仙的怪异故事,并用寓言表达了他的悲伤和愤慨。就像“ Kuafu”中的Kuafu一样,他带着太阳的野心,他和太阳一起去了(第九个“阅读山和海”),Jingwei握着一棵树,正要填补广阔的海洋; Xingtian舞蹈,Xingtian舞蹈,Xingtian舞动,他的激烈野心总是在那里。他很坚定不移地尊重这类英雄。这位诗人反映了陶恩明的个人追求,并且可以看到他不能忘记自己的年轻意志,也表达了他长期的遗憾,因为他的野心无法实现。
简而言之,陶恩明在对待理想的对待中一直保持一致,并不断探索。尽管社会现实的黑暗使诗人无法表现出自己的力量,但诗人并没有忘记,也没有阻止自己的思想。 Tao Yuanming永远不会忘记他的强烈野心的理想。那是诗人的原始梦想,也是他一生探索的主张。
1.2追求自我现实的本质
陶恩明的思想是消除受世俗世界影响的获得的“假自我”,以返回“真正的自我” [9]。这是陶元对生活的想法。自然性质的陶恩明(Tao Yuanming)离开了官僚主义并追求更深层次的生活意义时,摆脱了外部约束。
Yin Yuanming经历了五个官方职位:他第一次开始在该州提供葡萄酒;他第二次进入Huan Xuanmu;他第三次参加Zhenjun的军队;他第四次加入江韦;他第五次是企鹅县。制作。在五个官方职位之后,陶元终于决定不成为官方。在被任命为彭兹县治安法官仅80天以上之后,陶元坚决告别了官员,并永远与他分开,再也没有上任。 “金书”记录:
该县将主管派往该县,官员说:“您应该系好皮带并看到它。” Qian叹了口气,说:“我不能鞠躬五二岁的米饭,我将为村里的小人服务!”在Yixi的第二年,他拿走了印章,去了该县。
这反映了诗人的直立一面。他不愿意降低自己的身份。他讨厌官员的风格。在他随后的写作《返回回报》中,他与真正的官员不相容:
返回,乡村即将被遗弃,不会返回!既然您认为自己的内心在掌管,为什么您会忧郁和悲伤?在没有建议的情况下了解过去,您知道可以追求未来;实际上,这条路不远,您意识到这是现在和昨天。
Tao Yuanming不愿意让自己的心被一种形式困扰,并为他的职业生涯感到难过十多年。现实是,他的理想离他的理想很远,并且与他的个性不相容。在段落的序言中,陶恩明说:
几天后,我觉得自己要回家。这是什么?自然是自然的,而不是激励措施的结果。即使饥饿和寒冷是严重的,但它还是一种反对自己的疾病。
目前,诗人表达了他的性格,这是自然的,不愿让现实束缚自己。成为县治安几天后,我想到了回家。可以看出,当时的官员与陶恩明的品味有很大不同:“回去,请停止您的家人旅行!世界与我背道而驰,所以我会再次开车。我怎么能要求单词?” (“返回回报”)在这里,陶元对他的未来职业和经济学并没有幻想。尽管诗人仍然在乎他的家人和国家,但他已经意识到自己是“他只是笨拙,有许多矛盾的事情”(“与Zi Wei和其他人的评论”),他的性格无法保持官员。后来,他还拒绝了帝国入伍。他的立场不仅表现出了自己的立场,而且还对这个真实的社会表示了深刻的了解。小汤的“陶元传记”记录:
江户州长谭道吉(Tan Daoji)去了侯爵夫和侯爵,他躺下,贫瘠了很长时间。道吉说:一个明智的人将在世界上。如果世界上没有办法,他将被隐藏。如果有办法,他将来会。现在我出生在一个文明的世界中,为什么我会这样遭受苦难?我回答:我怎么敢寻找一个贤惠的人?我没有尽可能雄心勃勃。 Daoji赠送了肉和肉,然后将其取出。
孔子说:无法做到的方式,骑平板并漂浮在海中。 (孔子的肛门gongye chang)最终意识到自己与现实之间的区别。他不能为这个社会做出巨大贡献。在这个王朝日复一日地改变的世界中,让我们再次谈论那些Jingshiwei。该国的崇高理想毫无意义。陶元不再想为那些有权势的人浪费他的宝贵生活。他厌倦了这个世界因争取权力和利润而疏远的世界。他想为自己建造一个精神上的家,这是安静而自然的。也有诗人希望返回并维持自己的原始和失败的生活。世俗疏远,无辜的气质。在那个世界中,陶元和自然之间没有距离,甚至一层薄薄的美学距离也消失了[10]。
陶本本质上是自然的,并且满足了真正的自我满足。他从小就一直很感兴趣。陶元曾经说过他“我非常学习钢琴和书法,我很悠闲,安静”(“与Zi Yan等人的评论”),“我很安静,安静,我不欣赏荣誉”。 (“吴先生的传记”),他一直对自己的个性坦率地坦率地说。他的朋友扬·扬齐(Yan Yanzhi)在为他写的悼词中也提到:“我们不容易处理,他内心深处。”人民不会失去少数人,而言语超出了他们的思想”(“ Tao Zhengshi Seucharist”)。正是他在年轻人中发展的角色使他始终保持自己的道德规范,并在以后有自己的独特思想职业。
退休后的陶元不是一个真正的隐士,而是儒家的影响。尽管Tao Yuanming在此期间辞去了职务并返回家园,但儒家说:“如果您繁荣,您将使世界受益;如果您贫穷,那么您将是安全的。”陶恩明的想法仍然使他坚持正直要求自己。没有生命的收入来源,陶尤明就不得不养育自己,但他不是一个好的农民:“在南山种豆,草丛丰富,豆类和幼苗很少”(返回到五首诗花园和住所”)。对贫困的满足是道德上的底线。 ,“在谦虚的胡同中,人们不愿意担心,他们永远不会改变自己的幸福”(孔子(Cuncucius ,例如Qianlou,Yuan'an,Rong Qiqi:
那个扎着绳子的老人,很高兴弹钢琴。本地主人获得了致敬,清晰的歌曲充满了香angin的声音。我很长一段时间以来就离开了钟川,可怜的学者在世界上一直在寻找彼此。缺点没有掩盖肘部,藜麦汤通常太短而无法倒。你怎么能忘记穿浅毛皮?如果您明白了,那么您就不令人钦佩。奉献只能争论,但我看不到我的心。 (“可怜的学者的歌”)
那些对贫困和低廉的满足的人自古以来就一直在Qianlou。如果我有一个好的头衔,我就不会感到荣幸,如果我有好礼物,我就不会得到回报。一旦寿命结束,缺点仍然是不完整的。你不知道极端吗?因为这不是道路,所以不用担心。我已经数千年从未见过这个朋友。早晨,仁慈和公义还活着,但是晚上要要求什么! (“到贫穷的学者的四分之一”)
元安被困在雪中,距离很远。当鲁恩(Ruan)看到这笔钱到来时,他立即放弃了他的官方职位。食物在室温下,可以在家中食用。真的很难吗?我担心的不是饥饿和寒冷。 The rich and the poor often fight, and the Tao is better than the bad. When you reach the Deguan Banglu, the Qing Dynasty reflects the Xiguan. ("Ode to the Five Poor Scholars")
In these poems, we can clearly see the poet's firm heart that sticks to poverty. Although food and clothing are important, personal moral integrity is even more important. Pinjie is the basic condition for a person to be able to stand in the world, so Tao Yuanming will not give in at all on this point. Tao Yuanming, who is of natural nature, still refused without hesitation when he was in the most difficult times. The so-called "the way is different and not to work together" cannot even eat food together, let alone the meaning of giving. 。 Those ancient wise men became Tao Yuanming's spiritual pillar. When they were poor and hungry in their later years, Tao Yuanming still did not give up his principles of being a human being.榜样的力量是无限的。 "How can I talk about my wives? I have to rely on the ancients to have such wise men." ("Ode to the Poems") The second of the poor
The "Tao" of "being content with poverty and enjoying Tao" is the embodiment of Confucianism, which is the highest pursuit of ancient traditional intellectuals. Yu Yingshi once discussed the living status of ancient Chinese intellectuals in his book "Scholars and Chinese Culture". In the feudal society where monarchs were supreme, ancient scholars always "optimize" the ruling class and their own "self-cultivation". There are two characters wandering, but the positive image of ancient Chinese scholars is based on "self-cultivation". Chinese intellectuals pursue "promoting the Tao" as their life, but the harsh external conditions have caused many intellectuals to turn to the path of "inner saints" and use their own internal moral cultivation to ensure "Tao" [11] . Self-cultivation is a compulsory course for every intellectual. As the saying goes, "How can one sweep the world without sweeping a house?" Self-cultivation, family, governance of the country and peace of the world are the life journey that every scholar desires. From here, we can also see Tao Yuanming's maintenance and persistence in "Tao".
Due to personality, Tao Yuanming, who is determined to uphold the Tao and is deeply influenced by individual consciousness since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, also pursues spiritual freedom and individual dignity in extreme pursuit. That is why Tao Yuanming was determined not to persevere in the chaotic officialdom. He would rather be a quiet farmer in the countryside to protect the peace and innocence of the soul. This is to "bear the body alone" and Taoism "not for anything to do. The integration of "the integration of "confucianism constitutes Tao Yuanming's unique spiritual framework, allowing him to not only abide by the importance of personal character advocated by Confucianism, but also pursue the nature he yearns for.
After retiring, although Tao Yuanming did not completely forget the troubles of the world, he was able to calm down and devote himself to practicing Taoism. After years of precipitation, metaphysics since the Wei and Jin Dynasties have become a good medicine for meditation. Tao Yuanming's poems during this period are mainly pastoral poetry, describing the poet's life after retirement. The description of the pastoral poem includes many contents such as the poet's spring outing, climbing high places, drinking wine, reading, talking to friends, and leisurely reunion with his family. The countryside is lively and content. Tao Yuanming used simple language to describe life scenes. Below these simple language is a heart that pursues the true nature of nature.
I have no customs and no customs, but I love mountains and mountains in my nature. It accidentally fell into the dust net and it took thirty years. The captive bird is in love with the old forest, and the fish in the pond is in love with the old abyss. Open up the wilderness in the south and return to the garden. There are more than ten acres of square houses, eight or nine thatched houses; the elm and willows are shaded in the back eaves, and in front of the peach and plum hall. The distant village is filled with smoke in the ruins; dogs bark in the deep alleys, chickens crow on the top of mulberry trees. There is no dust in the house, and there is leisure in the empty room. After being in the cage for a long time, I can return to nature. (One of "Returning to the Garden and Residence")
The beginning of this poem shows Tao Yuanming's interests and hobbies, "I have no habit of customs and my personality loves mountains and hills." The character formed in my youth made the poet very uncomfortable with the various restrictions of the officialdom. How beautiful the pastoral life described in the poem is , plain and natural, and people yearn for it. The poet has indeed described his yearning for pastoral life in his early days. During his journey to officialdom, he would: "I am tired from the eyes and the rivers are different, but I am thinking about the mountains and lakes. I look at the clouds and feel ashamed of the birds, and I am ashamed of the water and travel when I am on the water. Fish." ("The First of the First to Become a Military Joining Army") The long-term journey made Tao Yuanming sigh, "How can I be drowned in this place after a long wandering love? I still think about the good gardens, and the good things in the world can be said to be." ("Gengzi Year" The two poems of "The capital still blocked the return of the forest in the middle of May") Tao Yuanming even made it clear: "The business song is not my business, but I am still working together. I will throw myself into the old land of the capital, and I will not be able to keep my head in the world. I will raise the real shanghai, and I will not be able to keep my head in the world. Name yourself by goodness" ("Sun Chou's holiday and return to Jiangling at night in July") "What do you do, encourage me to follow this service? It looks like a commanding body, but it is not easy to change! I dream of a garden and a field day, how can I have a long time Separation. Finally, I feel like the boat in the valley, I am grateful for the frost and cypress." ("The capital of Jianwei joins the army for Jianwei in March of the year of Yisi") In these poems, Tao Yuanming repeatedly expressed his firm ambition to return to the field. After truly retiring, Tao Yuanming's joy for the peaceful and leisurely life in the farmhouse was beyond words. For example, the third song of "Returning to the Garden and the Countryside":
南山的植物豆,草含量丰富,豆类幼苗很少。我从早上恢复过来,清理荒凉,然后用头返回。 The road is narrow and the grass is long, and the dew is touched by my clothes in the evening; the clothes are not worth cherishing, but the wishes are not contrary to your wishes!
This is a real scene of Tao Yuanming participating in labor. Although the land is not well planted, the "grass is abundant and the beans are sparse", the poet is in a happy mood, which is a feeling of satisfaction. The poet was able to work in the fields very early until the dew wet his clothes and then carried a hoe home under the moonlight. Although Tao Yuanming's life after living in seclusion was very hard, and he went out early and returned late every day for his livelihood, the poet was happy, which was a relaxed state of getting rid of external service. "I don't care about my clothes, but I can do my wishes without any contradictory!" It is a spiritual enjoyment and a spiritual exploration. Unlike the alienated society in the officialdom, life in the field is so innocent and natural, which is a state of life pursued by Tao Yuanming.
After retirement, Tao Yuanming was very content with his life of farming. Although the hard work of farming and the poor harvest of crops make the poet face a difficult situation all the time, the kind of "building a hut in the human world without the noise of carriages and horses" and "picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, leisurely seeing the southern mountains "(The fifth state of "Drinking") is what the poet who has returned from the chaotic world needs. He has expressed his feelings about farming life many times, such as "Life is righteous, and food and clothing are solid." "I hope I will keep this, and I will not sigh at the farming process" ("Gengxu year and the middle of September") talks about the hard work of farming, the preciousness of labor, and there is no resistance to my hard工作。 , and said that if you can farm in the countryside for a long time, you would be very willing. Tao Yuanming has always insisted on farming in his rural life. This is the poet's persistence in "farming for the generation is not a desire, but his career is in the mulberry field" (Eighth of the Miscellaneous Poetry) and another expression of retirement. That chaotic officialdom can only exist by exploiting the people, which is something that the poet despises. The beautiful countryside is a world of self-reliance, the poet's greatest affirmation of the working people, and a further exploration of his ideals.
2 Peach Blossom Land—The Relief of the Spiritual Home
After Tao Yuanming resigned from office and retired, he insisted on living in the pastoral farming, thus gaining a better understanding of the sufferings of the lower-class farmers. Comparing the chaos and darkness of the officialdom, Tao Yuanming developed a strong attachment to this natural and peaceful countryside, and also strongly supported the work of farming. He once wrote a poem "Pusing Farmers": "In ancient times, people were born in the first place, proudly Self-sufficient, simple and honest. "It describes the leisurely and contentment of rural farming, and also describes Tao Yuanming's envy of乡村。 Here we also have the hope for social ideals that Tao Yuanming wanted to express, the kind of "simple and truthfulness" of the ancient people. Bao Pu Han is Tao Yuanming's principle of moral cultivation, and under the idea of advocating nature, it also reflects the social ideals pursued by the poet [12]. But when the poet who had experienced the darkness of the officialdom had seen another world in the countryside when his ambitions could not be displayed. Due to the "natural nature, not a harsh gain", coupled with the straightforward quality that Tao Yuanming developed since childhood, as well as his experience of intrigue in the officialdom and his practical life experience of resigning from office to countryside, he has developed a yearning for another beautiful life . A social picture of self-cultivation, living in harmony with one's own life, even having no monarch or minister, being free, peaceful and peaceful. This is Tao Yuanming's bold idea of "Autumn Ripe and King's Tax", an ideal personality manifestation, which is his dream of the peach garden.
2.1 The ideal society of Confucianism and Taoism
In his later years, Tao Yuanming wrote the popular poem "Politics and Records of the Peach Blossom Spring". In this article, the poet showed the world a utopian paradise. The emergence of the Peach Blossom Land is by no means accidental. This is the result of the poet's lifelong energy search and exploration, and this is the last support for Tao Yuanming's spiritual home. In this world, the pastoral scenery is infinitely beautiful, everyone lives in harmony, and there is no chaos, killing and fighting for power and profit in the real society. The beautiful society imagined by the poet did not appear out of thin air, but had his theoretical basis and realistic support.
Both Laozi and Zhuangzi have described their ideal society in their own articles:
When we look at each other in the country, the sound of chickens and dogs is heard, and when the people die, they will not interact with each other. (Chapter 67 of "Tao Te Ching·Tek")
Therefore, in the world of virtue, one's actions are filled with one's eyes and one's vision is surging. At this time, there are no tunnels in the mountains, no boats and beams in the mountains; all things are everywhere, and they belong to their hometowns; animals are in groups, and plants grow. Therefore, animals can be bound to wander. The birds and magpies can climb and peek. In the world of great virtue, we live with animals and animals, and the clan and all things are in harmony. How evil is it that gentlemen and villains know! ("Zhuangzi·Horse Hoof")
This is Taoism's yearning for an ideal society. No matter what its thoughts are, such a society is a beautiful state of existence after all. Laozi and Zhuangzi were dissatisfied with reality and hoped to have a more ideal society than reality. They have worked tirelessly for the ideal world, at least they have practiced it. In such a society, the people are simple and everyone lives in harmony, without fighting for power and profit, and living in peace. This is the world they yearn for, harmony and harmony.
Confucius put forward his social ideal picture when he spoke to his disciple Yan Yan:
When the great way is the way, the world is the public. Select virtuous and capable people, be faithful and harmonious, so that friends do not only care about their relatives, not only their sons, but also their sons, so that the elderly can have something to live, the strong can have something to use, the young can have something to gain, and the widows and lonely can have something to do. Men have a share, women have a return. If you hate it and abandon it on the ground, you don't have to hide it in yourself; if you hate it and it doesn't have to do it in your body, you don't have to do it for yourself. Therefore, if you plan to stay but do not prosper, if you steal and thieves without doing anything, you will not do anything outside, so if you do not stay outside, this is called Datong. ("Book of Rites·Liyun Chapter")
This is the "Datong" ideal advocated by Confucianism. It can be seen that the world described by Tao Yuanming in "The Book of Peach Blossoms" was influenced by the Confucian and Taoist schools. The emergence of the Peach Blossoms was based on Tao Yuanming's profound thinking and based on the actual situation. Artistic processing put forward your own ideas.由此可以看出陶渊明潜心设计的桃花源,是诗人思想的最新发展,是对理想的进一步探求,是较高层次的猛志追求的体现。而在出仕与归隐之间,陶渊明用“达者兼济天下,穷者独善其身”的标准和行为方式,不懈探求人生意义,追求理想的光环。 [13]
2.2 陶渊明的精神寄托
陶渊明敏锐的感受到社会的腐败、黑暗和虚伪,他厌恶这个社会,从而追求一种理想的生活。他努力探索社会黑暗的根源,寻求一个光明纯洁的社会,而桃花源这样一个自给自足,自然自得的社会状态正是诗人所寻求的[14]。而现实中曾有这样一个社会的存在也为陶渊明提供了依据,陈寅恪在《桃花源记旁证》一文中认为:“陶渊明桃花源记寓意之文,亦纪实之文也。”陶渊明的诗中也提到过这件现实中存在的事情:
辞家夙严驾,当往志无终。问君今何行?非商复非戎。闻有田子泰,节义为士雄;斯人久已死,乡里习其风。生有高世名,既没传无穷。不学狂驰子,直在百年中。(《拟古》其二)
诗中所讲的田子泰隐入徐无山,朝廷数次征召,不就,跟随者有五千余户人家。陶渊明归隐后,在农村生活了这么多年,看到许多真真切切下层的悲苦,思想上不断地受到冲击,那是上层与下层的差别,是现实与理想的巨大差距。陶渊明在田园生活,歌颂自己的田园生活,那是一种小我的自我保护与坚守,可是儒家关怀世人的情怀,在陶渊明心中不断地冲击着诗人的情感,而自己那个报国无门的愤懑淤积已久,社会的动荡让诗人想要从新的认识这个世界。在这首诗中,陶渊明为世人描绘了一个令人向往的完美世界,那里的人人互尊互敬,老有所养,鳏寡孤独废疾者皆有所养,那里的人们日出而作、日落而息。
土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田、美池、桑竹之属。 The traffic between the fields and the chickens and dogs are heard.其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人;黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。 (《桃花源诗并记》)
那完全是一个与现实社会迥然有别,却又是充满世俗事物的社会,这里土地平整、良田肥沃、民风淳朴,这里不是仙境胜似仙境。这就是诗人理想的生活社会。在当时经过魏晋时期的战乱,民不聊生,居无定所,遭受着饥寒荒乱的威胁,在死亡线上挣扎,陶渊明想要这样的一个社会来安抚民众,也希望真的能有这样的一个社会出现,黄发垂髫,怡然自乐。可是这毕竟只是一个假想,是诗人在一生不懈追求的结果,是追求,是进取。
Since the ancestors avoided the chaos in the Qin Dynasty, they led their wife to this desperate situation and never came out again, so they were separated from outsiders.问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。 (《桃花源诗并记》)
避乱,是桃花源存在的一个前提,社会动荡,上层阶级争权夺利打打杀杀,可受苦受难的却永远是下层的劳苦大众。战乱,让人民无法在自己的土地上生存,只有采取“逃亡去就,不避幽深”(《晋书·刘毅传》)的方式,与现实隔绝。诗人用逃避现实的方法来表现对现实的不满,其中更隐含着自己所追求的理想社会,那是诗人对自己更高的要求,一生都不曾改变。
Nanyang的Liu Ziji是一个高贵的人。 When he heard about it, he happily went there.未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。 (《桃花源诗并记》)
再寻找,却无处可寻,那分明就是昙花一现的美好事物,不可能永远的存在。陶渊明最终将理想构筑于桃花源式的理想社会,通过对这一理想社会的最终构想,来完成对黑暗现实社会的超越,使自己的心灵得以自由舒展[15]。这是一个高尚人士所向往的世界,尽管是假想,却是共同的追求。但是陶渊明感到痛心,他痛心无法实现为社会为大众谋利的愿望,痛心自己的追求就这样的化为云烟,无人问津,更痛心自己的追求之旅途是那么的孤单,孑然一身,寻觅不到与自己理想相契合的人,所以才会发出“愿言蹑轻风,高举寻吾契”(《桃花源诗并记》)的呼喊。现实依然是那么混乱不堪,人们从来想的都是眼前的既得利益,谁又能想到诗人不懈追求的理想呢?尽管这是一个美好的社会,是高尚的人士的共同追求,可是这样的人是那样的稀少,少到在社会上甚至不再出现,不再出现为至高理想努力的人,这终将成为一个社会的悲哀。
陶渊明用自己一生的时间在探索自己的人生之路,不论是青年时期的激扬人生还是中年的平淡自然,甚至是晚年时而的悲愤,都能看到诗人不断前进的步伐,那是一种坚韧的力量,对生命的热爱,为自己理想的执着,对民众的关怀。在出仕与归隐中寻找人生的真谛,在各种思想中思索现实的意义,实现自己的人生价值,构建自己的精神家园。其人生范式,其对理想的不懈追求,让后来士人无比的崇慕,也让后来的历代士人中,总能在陶渊明这里找到归属感,这是陶渊明对后人的贡献,也是他自己人生价值的最大体现。
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